Which countries have laws against FGM? The first national law worldwide was passed in Guinea Conakry in What do national laws say. Aha Foundation, In Europe and other low-prevalence regions, girls are considered particularly at risk of being cut when travelling to their country of origin or the country of origin of their parents. International and regional legal frameworks on FGM Read more.
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Any more questions? Get in touch with us quickly and easily. We are happy to help! I assumed we were going for a holiday.
A bit later they told us that we were going to be infibulated. The day before our operation was due to take place, another girl was infibulated and she died because of the operation. We were so scared and didn't want to suffer the same fate.
But our parents told us it was an obligation, so we went. We fought back; we really thought we were going to die because of the pain. You have one woman holding your mouth so you won't scream, two holding your chest and the other two holding your legs.
After we were infibulated, we had rope tied across our legs so it was like we had to learn to walk again. We had to try to go to the toilet. If you couldn't pass water in the next 10 days something was wrong. We were lucky, I suppose. We gradually recovered and didn't die like the other girl. But the memory and the pain never really go away. I told them how much the operation had hurt me, how it had traumatized me and made me not trust my own parents. The decided they did not want this to happen to their daughter.
Medicalized FGM can take place in a public or private clinic, at home or elsewhere. This strategy reflects consensus between international experts, United Nations entities and the Member States they represent. In addition, the global commitment to eliminate all forms of FGM by is clearly stated in target 5. Even when the procedure is performed in a sterile environment and by a health-care professional, there can be serious health consequences immediately and later in life.
Medicalized FGM gives a false sense of security. In addition, there is no medical justification for FGM. Advocating any form of cutting or harm to the genitals of girls and women, and suggesting that medical personnel should perform it is unacceptable from a public health and human rights perspective.
Several studies have shown that girls can be subjected to FGM repeatedly when members of their family or community are dissatisfied with the results of earlier procedures.
And because medical personnel often hold power, authority and respect in society, it can also further institutionalize the procedure. This programme works with governments, civil society organizations, networks of religious leaders, parliamentarians, youth and human rights activists, and academia to:. The Joint Programme recognizes that eliminating FGM requires communities to make a collective and coordinated choice so that no single girl or family is disadvantaged by the decision.
This approach has seen progress. Civil society organizations are implementing community-led education and dialogue sessions on human rights and health. These networks are helping a growing number of communities declare their abandonment of FGM. A shift has occurred among religious leaders, many of whom have gone from endorsing the practice to actively condemning it.
There has been a growing number of public declarations de-linking FGM from religion and supporting of abandonment of the practice. Health workers have been trained to treat complications caused by FGM, including the integration of FGM care into medical education curriculum. Referral systems that build coordination between health providers and community actors and organizations have also been strengthened.
Several countries have passed new national legislation banning FGM and developed national policies with concrete steps to achieve the abandonment of FGM. Radio networks have aired call-in shows about the harm caused by FGM. The use of media to galvanize public opinion against the practice has helped change perceptions and transformed public perceptions of girls who remain uncut.
Penalties range from a minimum of six months to a maximum of life in prison. Several countries also include monetary fines in the penalty.
The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development recognizes that violence against women is a widespread phenomenon. It states, "In a number of countries, harmful practices meant to control women's sexuality have led to great suffering.
The Programme of Action calls for "Governments and communities [to] urgently take steps to stop the practice of female genital cutting and protect women and girls from all such similar unnecessary and dangerous practices. Steps to eliminate the practice should include strong community outreach programmes involving village and religious leaders, education and counselling about its impact on girls' and women's health, and appropriate treatment and rehabilitation for girls and women who have suffered cutting.
Services should include counselling for women and men to discourage the practice. Chapter 4, para 4. Most governments in countries where FGM is practiced have ratified international conventions and declarations that make provisions for the promotion and protection of the health of women and girls.
For example:. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims the right of all human beings to live in conditions that enable them to enjoy good health and health care art. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has five articles which together form a basis to condemn FGM: article 2 on discrimination, article 3 concerning the right to security of person, article 5 on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, article 12 on privacy, and article 25 on the right to a minimum standard of living including adequate health care and protection of motherhood.
The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees defines who is a refugee, what their rights are, and explains the legal obligations of states. Those fleeing the threat of FGM qualify for refugee status. The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights condemn discrimination on the grounds of sex and recognize the universal right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health art.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires State Parties to: "take all appropriate measure to modify or abolish customs and practices which constitute discrimination against women" art.
General recommendation 24 of the Convention emphasizes that certain cultural or traditional practices, such as FGM, carry a high risk of death and disability and recommends that State parties should ensure laws that prohibit FGM. General recommendation 14 recommends State parties take appropriate and effective measures to eradicate FGM; to collect and disseminate basic data on traditional practices; to support women's organizations that work for the elimination of harmful practices; to encourage politicians, professionals, religious and community leaders to co-operate in influencing attitudes; to introduce appropriate educational and training programmes; to include appropriate strategies aimed at ending FGM into national health policies; to invite assistance, information and advice from the appropriate organization of the United Nations system; and to include in their reports to the Committee, under articles 10 and 12 of the Convention, information about measures taken to eliminate FGM.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child protects against all forms of mental and physical violence and maltreatment art The above map was put together by The Woman Stats Project, who have collated research on the issue, including data from the UN and Unicef. According to a Unicef report carried out in 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East, the practice is still being widely carried out, despite the fact that 24 of these countries have legislation or some form of decrees against FGM.
In countries such as the UK, where FGM is illegal, expert and barrister Dr Charlotte Proudman says it is increasingly being performed on babies and infants. Therefore it is "almost impossible to detect" as the girls are not in school or old enough to report it.
Recently a mother in London became the first person in the UK to be found guilty of carrying out FGM on her three-year-old daughter. She will be sentenced on 8 March. Image source, Getty Images. This woman in Mombasa, Kenya shows the razorblade she has used on girls' genitals. This video can not be played To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.
She is now an anti FGM campaigner. What is Female Genital Mutilation? Unicef estimates more than million girls and women have suffered FGM in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, but also within migrant communities where FGM is common - in Spain, 18, girls are considered to be at risk.
Bishara became an anti FGM campaigner after struggling to cope with her mutilation. There are four types of FGM.
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