The Southern states were given a free hand over their affairs, and as a result, many passed the Black Codes from to that undermined the liberty of the freed blacks. The Southerners were required to pay off the war debts, observe the Thirteenth Amendment which banned slavery and involuntary servitude , and swear loyalty to the Union. The oppressive Black Codes angered a lot of the Northerners, especially Congress.
The Freedmen bill was meant to extend the tenure of the bureau that had been established as a temporary organ through earlier legislation. The Civil Rights bill sought to provide for equality among all persons born in the United States, including African-Americans.
Johnson vetoed the bills, causing a permanent rift between himself and Congress. The Act divided the South into districts under military rule.
The states were also required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in which granted citizenship rights and equal protection of former slaves. Congress also ratified the Fifteenth Amendment in that provided constitutional protection of the right to vote for former slaves. The Southern governments established by the South during the Reconstruction included African-Americans, the so-called carpetbaggers and the scalawags, who took control of the region.
The law also provided for the reestablishment of Southern governments on the principle of universal male suffrage. The Carpetbaggers The carpetbaggers were Northerners who arrived in the South with their belongings packed in large carpet bags or satchels, which is where they got their name from. They took part in the Reconstruction of the South, together with the African-Americans and the scalawags.
Steven Dorsey served the state as a U. Thomas Bowen, who had served in the Iowa and Kansas legislatures, eventually became very wealthy in the mining industry in Colorado and served as a U. The most lasting effect the carpetbagger government had on the state was the constitution, which was ratified on March 13, , to begin the Reconstruction Era in Arkansas.
Though replaced by a new constitution in which is still used today, in greatly amended form , the constitution, for the first time, prohibited racial discrimination and provided support for public education and a university. The Radical Republicans later started quarreling among themselves and split into two factions, named the Minstrels and the Brindletails , allowing ex-Confederates, who had by then regained the right to vote, to capture control of state government once again.
For additional information: DeBlack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, — Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, Moneyhon, Carl H.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, Honor or memorial gifts are an everlasting way to pay tribute to someone who has touched your life. When a tribute gift is given the honoree will receive a letter acknowledging your generosity and a bookplate will be placed in a book.
For more information, contact or calsfoundation cals. This Day In History. History Vault. Recommended for you. Historians still use them devoid of their negative associations. The Reconstruction Act, the basis of Radical Reconstruction instructed the former Confederate states to elect delegates to constitutional conventions and to adopt new constitutions.
The ensuing conventions of and were overwhelmingly Republican in party identity and culture. For southerners, white and black, Republican and Democratic, these bodies marked the real beginning of radicalism.
It was in these bodies that black suffrage and civil rights became real issues, to be debated and voted on; it was in these bodies that black politicians, northern newcomers, and native-born radicals began to exert real power. It was in response to these conventions, moreover, that Counter-Reconstruction began. Although it was not the case in Louisiana, across the South the largest single group of Republicans elected to the conventions were native white southerners, most of whom had been unionists during the Civil War.
In early an Alabama editor defined scalawag in its new Reconstruction context:. Unlike the carpetbagger, he is native, which is so much worse. Once he was respected in his circle.
In labeling native-born radicals as scalawags, southern editors created a powerful and enduring Counter-Reconstruction symbol. As elsewhere in the South, most scalawags in Louisiana were the unconditional unionists of — Taliaferro president of the constitutional convention of — and later chief justice of the State Supreme Court , hailed from the upstate cotton region. The majority, though, were products of the northern-born and foreign-born communities of New Orleans and southeastern Louisiana.
The business, professional, and civil life of antebellum New Orleans had been largely dominated by northern-born migrants and, to a lesser extent, immigrants from Ireland and Germany.
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