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Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about About Related Articles close popup. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Proprietary Colonies by L. General Overviews Notwithstanding its centrality to the early modern expansion of western European interests, the concept of proprietary colonies has received little direct consideration from English-language scholarship in either general or particular terms other than in dismissive or otherwise scornful terms, although Osgood is something of a deviation from this rule.
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The American Revolutionary War took place from , although the revolt against British Colonial rule began years before war was formally declared. The English Enlightenment influenced the thoughts of many of the colonial Founding Fathers as they pursued liberty, fought for their rights, and for freedom from King George III.
These ideals are reflected in the United States Constitution, which was written shortly after the Revolutionary War came to an end, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
A proprietor was a person granted governmental powers over a tract of land. Proprietary Colonies were run under a colonial charter agreement, which was reviewed by the ruling Monarch. The Royal Colonies were ruled directly by the English monarchy and the Charter Colonies was generally self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists as opposed to proprietors.
Prior to the establishment of Royal, Charter and Proprietary colonies the British colonization of North America had been financed and settled under the jurisdiction of joint stock companies operating under charters granted by the crown. Map of the 13 Colonies. The proprietors were given the authority to supervise and develop the colonies into successful and profitable enterprises. The lands were quickly colonized with British subjects at the expense of the proprietors.
English Courtiers. Proprietary Colonies - the Power of the Lords Proprietors Proprietary colonies in North America were owned by an individual proprietor or by a group of proprietors under a charter from the English monarch. The men who received these grants were called Proprietary Governors or " Lords Proprietors ". Irritation with stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act of became a greater source of resentment by merchants in the American colonies against Great Britain, contributing to the American Revolution.
The union lasted from — and ultimately failed because it was too large for a single governor to manage. Following the English Restoration in , King Charles II sought to streamline the administration of the colonial territories and began a process that brought a number of the colonies under direct crown control.
One motive for these actions was to control the cost of administration of individual colonies; another significant reason was the desire to regulate trade. The specific objectives of the Dominion included the regulation of trade, an increase in religious freedoms, reformation of land title practices to conform more to English methods and practices, coordination on matters of defense, and a streamlining of the administration into fewer centers.
Joseph Dudley, a Massachusetts-born colonial, was made provisional president of the Council of New England on October 8, , a move intended to secure the Dominion while political support was raised for Sir Edmund Andros, who was to take permanent command. Edmund Andros, whose commission had been issued in June, was given an annex to his commission to incorporate them into the Dominion.
Andros arrived in Boston on December 20, , and immediately assumed power. Andros was extremely unpopular in New England. He disregarded local representation, denied the validity of existing land titles in Massachusetts which had been dependent on the old charter , restricted town meetings, and actively promoted the Church of England in largely Puritan regions.
He also enforced the Navigation Acts, laws that restricted New England trade. The first attempts to enforce revenue laws were met by stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities. Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates, and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston.
Some were fined and released; others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties. Other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law even though, at least in Rhode Island, the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration. Andros, responding to the tax protests, sought to restrict town meetings, since these were where that protest had begun. He introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting, solely for the purpose of electing officials and explicitly banned meetings at other times for any reason.
This loss of local power was widely hated. Protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the Magna Carta, which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people. Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices into line with those in England and introduce quit-rents as a means of raising colonial revenues. Some landowners went through the confirmation process.
Many refused, fearing the possibility of losing their land; they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab. The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts, some of whom had extensive landholdings, were among the latter. Since all of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter, Andros declared them to be void and required landowners to re-certify their ownership, paying fees to the Dominion and becoming subject to the charging of a quit-rent.
The religious leaders of Massachusetts, led by Cotton and Increase Mather, were opposed to the rule of Andros and organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London. However, James II became increasingly unpopular in England and faced opposition from the Anglican church hierarchy when he issued the Declaration of Indulgence, establishing some freedom of religion.
After the Glorious Revolution and the ascent of William and Mary, the Massachusetts agents then petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade who oversaw colonial affairs for restoration of the Massachusetts charter. Furthermore, Mather convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution.
When the other New England colonies in the Dominion were informed of the overthrow of Andros, pre-Dominion colonial authorities moved to restore their former governments to power. The committee was disbanded after some Boston leaders felt that radical rebels held too much sway over it.
The dissolution of the Dominion presented legal problems for both Massachusetts and Plymouth. Plymouth had never had a royal charter, and Massachusetts had been legally vacated. As a result, the restored governments lacked legal foundations for their existence.
Agents for both colonies worked in England to rectify the charter issues. The Lords of Trade decided to solve the issue by combining the two provinces.
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