Who is marginalized people

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What impact do the policies have on the marginalized groups and on the community? What community groups and programs exist to address these issues? Education and Compassion Do we have programs to educate the public about the issues confronting marginalized groups e.

Do we have programs to increase tolerance and eliminate prejudice against a marginalized population? Do we have safe places and spaces? The immediate financial support that research incentives provide are often extremely helpful for people in our communities. Due to employment marginalization, many of our participants are not eligible for programs such as unemployment insurance benefits or the new Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program.

Competing priorities, such as food insecurity, that have always been a barrier to conducting research with marginalized populations, are magnified by the current disruption to usual support services [ 8 ]. Even if we are able to reach participants and complete research activities with them online, reimbursing them for their participation is a serious barrier.

Institutional barriers prevent us from paying our participants via Venmo or PayPal. Further, many participants in our studies do not have bank accounts, and thus cannot set up accounts with PayPal or Venmo for receiving funds. Further, using these apps requires someone from the research team to transfer personal funds in order to work around institutional barriers to using these solutions. While applications like CashApp do not require the recipient to have a bank account, the lack of technological skills can prevent people from registering.

Electronic gift cards, which have become popularized in online research due to their convenience for researchers [ 10 ], are often not useful to our participants.

Electronic gift cards do not permit our participants to access the resources they may need most, such as food or more immediate survival needs from vendors that require cash. Many people do not have a safe place to receive packages from online vendors, such as Amazon. Our community members, many of whom live in shelters, single resident occupancy hotels SROs , and other congregate living situations [ 11 ], commonly experience theft of their mail and belongings. Many of our participants are living in conditions where they are unable to follow COVID public health and safety recommendations during this pandemic.

Community members who live in shelters and SROs report living in unclean facilities, not having access to cleaning supplies, and not being able to properly physically distance from their neighbors.

In addition to jeopardizing their physical health, these shared living situations often make participating in research nearly impossible, since there is limited privacy in which to respond to sensitive research questions [ 13 ]. Those in our communities who engage in survival sex work are continuing to do so out of necessity, even as the inherent dangers in this work are increasing [ 14 ]. Many people in our communities report that sex work is currently a booming business, as clients experiencing stress and social isolation seek out services.

Still, there have been reports of sex work clients who are desperate for money physically attacking and robbing sex workers. Finally, the mental health impact of this pandemic and its effects are likely to disproportionately affect marginalized communities [ 15 ]. Further, social isolation due to physical distancing mandates can make it even more difficult to cope [ 17 ].

Many people in our communities rely on regular in-person support groups to cope with ongoing mental health issues and are unable to access online resources for the reasons outlined above.

While we at the Center of Excellence for Transgender Health are still experimenting with ways of reaching, engaging, and supporting marginalized research participants, we have been exploring possible ways forward. Some agencies and advocacy groups are distributing food and other emergency supplies safely within the community. By collaborating with these agencies and groups, we may be able to reconnect with our participants, or get reimbursements for participation to people we would not otherwise be able to connect with in-person.

These collaborations rely upon existing relationships with our community partners and can be time intensive [ 4 ]. This also requires our team to consistently identify and track resources and determine how to communicate emergent information efficiently and effectively to participants.

For participants who cannot take surveys online due to lack of access to a computer or the internet, or due to literacy issues, staff may call participants and administer the survey over the phone.

This takes a great deal of staff time, which can be difficult in terms of staff energy and emotional resources [ 18 ]. In addition, staff themselves are often not experts with the technology and can similarly struggle with online surveys. Police psychology has become an integral part of p Handbook of Research on Competency-Based Edu The majority of adult learners are looking to atta Handbook of Research on Foreign Language Edu The role of technology in the learning process can Modern Societal Impacts of the Model Minorit The model minority stereotype is a form of racism Integrating Adult Learning and Technologies As adult learners and educators pioneer the use of Filed under:.

Sex, gender and sexuality.