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In this research, we explained ethnic stereotypes in Russia based on the SCM framework. Russia is a heterogeneous region with its own specifics of interethnic relations. The interethnic relationships in Russia have their own long, unique history and contexts. At the same time, we managed to obtain results that show some universal patterns apart from cultural-specific ones. First, the SCM warmth and competence ratings distinguished the groups from each other, though the two dimensions were moderately correlated.
Perhaps the evolutionary source of the genesis of similarities see e. To detect friend or foe and their potential agency could have a special adaptive i. Apparently, competition to a greater extent includes two levels of threat: group-level threats e. These findings with a focus on the differentiated threat approach can aid the further development of the theory of intergroup threats.
The importance of the context appeared again. The historical context e. So in conditions of unambivalent ethnic stereotypes, as in Russia, conflict situations likely cause contesting outgroup shifts to low evaluation on both competence and warmth dimensions. Our results with locations by using the official list of ethnic groups top-down approach mostly correspond to locations for spontaneously mentioned Russian social groups bottom-up approach , except that those groups show all four quadrants and a lower warmth-competence correlation see Grigoryan et al.
Independently of the distance between the cultures, cultures may themselves vary internally along a continuum of cultural homogeneity e. Future studies could better conceptualize and operationalize the concept of cultural distance. Moreover, some differences in outgroup evaluations depend on the specific socio-cultural ingroups and outgroups Ramsay and Pang, ; Meuleman et al. For example, some studies show that men have more ethnic stereotypes than women Zick et al.
Other aspects of intergroup similarity discussed above could provide additional details. Also promising is the idea of getting a complete SCM map in Russia combining ethnic and social groups, as in the United States e. In addition, different regions have a different number of certain immigrant groups. We assume that further cross-regional analysis could broaden understanding of some possible variation in the ethnic stereotypes in Russia.
For example, Stanciu et al. This research did not fully reveal the potential of the differentiated threat approach. First of all, this was related to measurement issues since it is difficult to achieve an orthogonal measurement of threats using their wider set.
In addition, the selection of other target groups ethnic and social could also help further develop the obtained results. For example, the fruitfulness of the differentiated threat approach to attitudes toward refugees was shown in the recent study in Germany see Landmann et al.
Moreover, this research did not fully reveal the potential of social ecology in explaining of stereotype content in the future, Linssen and Hagendoorn could provide comparative perspective. The present work offers both theoretical and practical implications. On the first step of this research, we solved the task of forming the SCM map of ethnic stereotypes in Russia. Specific ethnic groups have stereotypes that vary more dramatically by culture Fiske, Coming into unfamiliar contexts can be eased by knowing the societal map of how groups locate in the SCM space.
Just as geographic maps are helpful, so are cultural maps. Thus, this research can be a starting point for future studies of interethnic relations in Russia from a comparative perspective. Attitudes toward immigrant and minority groups are likely to differ depending on the specific group, and thus studying broad attitudes toward immigrants or minority members in general will obfuscate some important details Montreuil and Bourhis, ; Satherley and Sibley, ; Meuleman et al.
As noted, not only the complexity of intergroup relations but acculturation processes depend substantially on mutual interactions and expectations between members of dominant and non-dominant groups e. Some acculturation models directly recognized this concept of mutuality e. Host societies have received less attention Brown and Zagefka, ; Horenczyk et al. This can derive from the shared stereotype content among dominant group members, which may invoke their specific acculturation expectations Lee and Fiske, The perception that non-dominant group members want to adopt the host culture led to more positive stereotype content about immigrants, regardless of whether or not immigrants maintain their original culture.
Also in cultural distance, targets who did not adopt the host culture but maintained their own culture i. In Russia, for example, the concept of ethnic diaspora often carries a negative connotation, due to some association with the separation orientation.
The culture maintenance may be more diagnostic for assessing if someone represents a threat, so this dimension may be more sensitive to stereotypes especially about morality. In the SCM, 1 morality can be a force leading to cohesiveness within groups and the exclusion of outgroups presumed to have different interests than the ingroups ; this might relate to group survival, as a protective mechanism against intergroup threats; 2 morality facilitates the coordination among members group in order to maximize benefits for individual members and the whole group.
So the SCM map allows selecting targeted groups depending on their position in the SCM space, which can suggest the various acculturation expectations of the host population e.
The approach of combining group- and domain-specificity of acculturation will enrich knowledge of how to improve the mutual adjustment in plural societies.
Also, for the acculturation area in general, the findings suggest not to neglect the social structure when considering interethnic relations. In addition, the implications for the SCM include the importance of status-competence, as well as a role for beliefs religious and cultural , both featured in the ABC model 12 see Koch et al. The SCM also needs to continue including both tangible and intangible threats as competition, consistent with the Intergroup Threat Theory Stephan and Mealy, The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
DG initiated the project, coordinated all the stages, developed the design of the manuscript and instruments, and involved in the data analysis, reporting, and drafting of the manuscript. SF was involved in the conceptualization of the study, revised it critically, and was involved in drafting of the manuscript. AB was involved in the conceptualization of the study, choice, development of the instruments, and drafting of the manuscript.
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Journal of personality and social psychology, 69 5 , Toggle navigation. Saul McLeod , updated In social psychology, a stereotype is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. Download this article as a PDF. How to reference this article: How to reference this article: McLeod, S. Back to top.
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